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Showing posts with label drugs. Show all posts
Showing posts with label drugs. Show all posts

Sunday, May 18, 2025

Vaping their way to drugs, dangerous

 

Pocket size: Widely available, small, colourful vape devices are also easy to conceal. — File photo

A DECADE ago, when e-cigarettes, or vapes, landed on our shores, tobacco cessation experts cautioned that the devices could be a gateway to smoking, and a threat to Malaysia’s goal of becoming a smoke-free nation.

Today, the fear is that vapes are luring teens to drugs, creating a generation addicted to substances even more dangerous than nicotine, Monash University Malaysia associate professor and KPJ Puteri Hospital consultant Dr Anne Yee told StarEdu.

Dr Yee, who is also a Universiti Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS) adjunct professor and Addiction Medicine Association of Malaysia (AMAM) honorary secretary, said unregulated vape liquids are increasingly being mixed with unknown substances, making them more dangerous and addictive.

Vaping nicotine, Dr Yee noted, increases the likelihood of trying other addictive substances, including cannabis and illicit drugs.

Early exposure to nicotine primes the brain for further drug experimentation​, she said.

“Many vape products contain high levels of nicotine, increasing the risk of long-term addiction.

“The earlier a person starts using nicotine, the greater the risk of developing substance use disorders later in life,” she said, adding that vapes have been found to contain illicit substances such as THC, synthetic cannabinoids, or opioids (see infographic), which increase the risk of addiction, toxic chemical exposure, and the risk of respiratory and neurological damage.

“Youths may unknowingly inhale these dangerous substances as unregulated vape products are widely available online – especially social media,” she said.

Narcotic Addiction Rehabilitation Centre (Puspen) Karangan director Zuraidah Ayob said most of the teens at the facility get stuck on drugs through vaping.

“It’s very worrying because the numbers are increasing.

“During one visit to a school in Kuala Lumpur, I asked the 200 students gathered how many of them vaped. A quarter raised their hands. Those were the ones who admitted but imagine how many others who were afraid to raise their hands?” she said, adding that when vape was introduced, it was promoted as a healthier alternative to smoking but the vapour is not safe.

Most vapes contain nicotine levels that are higher than cigarettes, she said.

“Teens are getting hooked without even realising it because they see it as a trend rather than a high risk habit.

“Vape is a gateway to drugs and if not curtailed through education, enforcement and parental or community intervention, we will create a generation that is highly vulnerable to drug abuse,” she concluded.

Note: The Puspen Karangan school is in need of reading materials for its library, as well as volunteers to conduct tuition classes, skills training and motivational talks for its students. Companies interested in assisting as part of their corporate social responsibility programmes, or non-governmental organisations involved in education, may contact the school at zuraidah@aadk.gov.my or pengarah_karangan@aadk.gov.my

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‘Mushrooms’ in our midst

Determined to turn over a new leaf, these students will sit for their Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) exams this year at the country’s first Puspen school in Karangan, Kedah.

A typical day for these students starts at 9am and ends at 4.30pm. In between lessons at the school, which opened in December last year, co-curricular activities like computer classes are conducted, with students given a two-and-a-half-hour break for lunch.

In an exclusive interview with StarEdu, these students share how curiosity and friends led them to “magic mushrooms”.

Vaping, they say, should be banned because illegal substances are so easily available.

I was introduced to ‘mushrooms’ three years ago by a friend. Before I knew it, I was spending more than RM20 daily to feed my addiction. I got the liquid from a dealer and added it to my vape. The high would hit within five to 10 seconds, and I’d start to feel calm. Soon, I began feeling scared because the drug caused me to overthink. It slowed down my brain, and I was always forgetting stuff. I really regret trying it – if not for my curiosity, I wouln’t be here today. I hope vaping will be banned because many are abusing it. I want to continue my studies if I pass the SPM.

– Salman, 17, Selangor

CLICK TO ENLARGECLICK TO ENLARGEI used to take pil kuda (yaba pill) to give me energy when I worked in the paddy fields. I could not sleep at night so I turned to vaping ‘mushrooms’. I started when I was 13. My friend told me it would help with my insomnia and soon I was hooked. It’s only RM1 per drop and it is very easy to buy. Usually I would buy 10 drops and when I had some money, I would get a bottle for RM150, which could last me a week. It didn’t affect my studies because I was already skipping school anyway, but because I had been playing truant, my school called AADK. I was picked up and my urine test came back positive. It would be good to ban vaping because it is so easy to consume drugs with the device. No one will know. There is no smell at all. Please do not try it because when you are experiencing withdrawal, you really lose all control. I don’t crave it anymore, though sometimes I still have trouble sleeping.

– Kamal, 16, Terengganu

I am here because of ‘mushrooms’ introduced by friends. I was spending about RM700 and above per month on vaping. I come from a well-to-do family. My pocket money was RM40 daily. Sometimes I got more if I helped my mum, so I could save up to RM70 per day. If I had extra, I’d buy a bottle of mushroom liquid, which cost between RM90 and RM150. It’s widely available on social media. The first time I tried it, I thought, “Best le”. I felt happy – always laughing. I tried it for fun and was hooked for three years. I started with a little bit – over time, I felt I couldn’t do without it, so I was vaping 24 hours a day. I needed it as soon as I woke up. It interrupted my studies. I felt ‘heavy’ and couldn’t do anything. Many of my friends used it but I usually vaped alone or with my twin brother. He stopped a little bit earlier than me. I ‘kantoi’ last year during Raya. My mum woke me up on the morning of Raya and asked me to take a bath but I couldn’t wake up. She was angry and started scolding me. My brother came in and saw my vape. He knew what had happened. He asked me if it was ‘mushroom’ but I denied it. He didn’t believe me and tried it. He ended up losing consciousness. He woke up six hours later and couldn’t remember a thing. He told my mum. My mum gave me many chances until finally, the school found out and contacted AADK. Now, I am determined to do my best because in Puspen, the education is good – especially the aspects of religion and discipline. After SPM, I want to be a pilot but I wear specs so that may not be possible. If I can’t achieve what I want, I will continue my mum’s business as taukeh canteen. My first time trying drugs was through vape. It is so cheap and easy to buy. It should be banned. Please don’t be like me. You will ‘gian’ after the first try and it will be hard to stop.

– Adam, 17, Pahang

I don’t even drink alcohol but I started vaping in Form One and was introduced to meth and weed vape liquids. My friend said I would feel high so I wanted to try – 1ml was only RM30. One bottle was RM150. We would pool our money and share one bottle. Usually when I was high, my eyes would turn red but if I took too much, I got sleepy. For the longest time, no one knew. Every 30 minutes I would need to vape. The first time I tried, I felt nothing. And then I got addicted. I’d just spend my days sleeping. For three years, my mum tried to advise me but I couldn’t stop. This year is my SPM year, so she wants me to sit for the exams at Puspen. I am not angry with my mum for sending me here but I am sad. I know it’s for my own good. Now, I feel prepared for my SPM. Every two weeks, my parents will visit. If I could do things all over again, I would never touch this. No more drugs. I didn’t take drugs because of family problems. It was because of friends. I am an only child. My mother cried so many times. I felt so sad because I kept repeating my mistake. Even one drop can change your future. Just don’t try. The negative things that come with one try is not worth it. I want to be a policeman but I am scared that after this, I won’t get a chance. If I cannot join the force, I want to study to be a vet.

– Raghu, 17, Penang

I was always lazy to go to school – ‘kuat ponteng’ since Form Two. I had some issues at home. I got hooked on drugs at 17. It all started with normal vape until my friend introduced me to liquids with drugs. ‘Gian I kuat’ and I couldn’t stop. I couldn’t sleep because there was a lot on my mind. So I would vape before going to sleep. I was working part-time at a food stall. When I vaped, I couldn’t work. I felt lazy. Eventually, my boss found out. I ‘kantoi’ with mum. I was always sleeping and she suspected something was amiss. I used to also pace a lot and could not sit still. I was always dizzy. When my mum asked what’s wrong, I did not tell her. I tried to stop but I kept going back. I used ‘mushroom’ and would spend about RM10 to RM20 a day. I bought it from a friend. I really want to change. I want to get a good job and make my mum happy. When she sent me here, my mum told me to take care of myself and study properly. After my SPM, I want to take up vocational skills – to be an electrician. I am now focused on memorising my lessons for the SPM. School is good so far. I hope youths like me will be more selective when making friends. Avoid people who introduce you to bad things. Stay far, far away because once you start, it’s hard to stop.

– Amin, 19, Kedah

I’m the third of five siblings. When I was in Year One, my parents divorced. I could not accept that my father had remarried. My mum suffered from mental illness. I was Form One when I started vaping ‘mushrooms’. Before that, I was smoking cannabis for five years. Two years ago, my friend let me try ‘mushrooms’ with vape. Then I started using pil kuda together with the mushroom liquid. I had registered to sit for the SPM then but because I was high and hallucinating from ‘mushrooms’, I got into an accident and dropped out of school. I am excited to sit for my SPM this year because I have never been out of my home state. I entered Puspen unprepared but I have tried by best to face it. From my heart, I want to tell students like me – if you have girlfriend problems or whatever, don’t turn to drugs. You don’t need this in your life. I turned to drugs because I was disappointed with my girlfriend and family. When I was high, my family became like my enemy – I was aggressive with my parents. I just wanted money from them. I didn’t realise what I was doing. I would snatch money from my mum when she did not want to give it willingly. I couldn’t control my emotions and now I am here. My family finally put me here because they knew I was hanging out with the wrong crowd. I have been here for 11 months. My body is full of toxins now - pumped with drugs. I am learning to accept that I am an addict. I cannot go home because if I do, I will definitely go back to my friends. After SPM, the first thing I want to do is hug my mum and apologise to her because I spent this Raya without my family. I want to say thank you to my mum for everything and I want to make her proud of me. Even though society will always see the word ‘penagih’ stamped on my forehead, I will always try to make my mother proud – with everything that I have. I understand now my mum is sick, so as a son, I must try to move forward - away from the past hurt, and make her proud.

– Shukri, 19, Terengganu

*Names have been changed to protect the identities of the students.

 

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Tuesday, July 30, 2024

Chinese-made new drugs big hit overseas

 Pharmaceutical sector spurred by global market boom

"The surge in overseas expansion of domestic innovative drugs highlights the enhanced innovation capabilities of China's biopharmaceutical sector

Employees examine drug samples at a laboratory in Shenyang, Liaoning province, in May.
 [Photo/Xinhua]


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With more Chinese-developed innovative drugs entering both US and European markets, China's pharmaceutical sector is showing escalating prowess in innovation and global market penetration, said industry experts.

"This (entering the European market) is a significant milestone. Fruquintinib is the first product approved in Europe completed by our research and development engine," said Su Weiguo, CEO and chief scientific officer of Shanghai-based biopharmaceutical company Hutchmed.

Su added that the drug is already improving treatment prospects in the United States and China, and the company is looking forward to extending its impact to European market.

Su's statement came after the company announced last month that its independently developed antitumor drug Fruquintinib received approval from the European Commission for use in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

Following the drug's US market debut in November, the milestone marks its second entry into a major global market within seven months.

In November, the Chinese-made new drug was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, with the first prescription issued within 48 hours of approval, Hutchmed said. According to data from the company's overseas commercialization partner Takeda, Fruquintinib's sales in the US market exceeded $50 million in the first quarter.

The innovative drug is also in the process of being approved for sale in other global markets, such as Japan, with a focus on enlarging its global footprint and reaching out to more patients worldwide, said Hutchmed in a recent statement.

In a related development, Hangzhou, Zhejiang-based Yifan Pharmaceutical announced in March that its innovative product, Ryzneuta, also received approval for sale in the European market.

Previously approved by the US FDA in November for treating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, the approval marks this year's first innovative drug approval for a Chinese pharmaceutical company in a foreign market.

Last year was widely recognized as a significant watershed for Chinese innovative drugs that aim to go global, with the number of "license-out" deals surpassing "license-in "ones for the first time.

According to data from online pharmaceutical platform Pharmacube, there were about 70 out-licensing deals in China in 2023, up 32 percent from 2022, with a total transaction value of over $46.5 billion, up 69 percent from the previous year.

Out-licensing in the pharmaceutical industry is a practice where a company grants another foreign organization the rights to use its product, technology or intellectual property. It allows the licensor to enter new markets through the licensee's established presence. In-licensing, on the other hand, allows the licensee to expand its product portfolio and access innovative technologies without having to develop the product or technology in-house.

In the first half of this year, the enthusiasm for "going global "among domestic innovative pharmaceutical companies has remained high. According to a report by Chinese media Yicai, as of June 30, there were approximately 30 out-licensing deals by innovative Chinese drugmakers, with a transaction value of over $10 billion, significantly more than a year earlier.

"The surge in overseas expansion of domestic innovative drugs highlights the enhanced innovation capabilities of China's biopharmaceutical sector and reflects international regulatory bodies' recognition of China's drug innovation," said Yu Meng, deputy director of the information department at the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Medicines and Health Products.

Yu said commercialization serves as the major reason for Chinese pharmaceutical companies to target foreign markets, as lucrative pricing of innovative drugs abroad presents a vast profit potential and prompts some globally competitive companies to explore overseas markets for higher returns.

In fact, due to the significant market size of innovative drugs, the US and European markets have become prime targets for such drugmakers. The US accounted for over half of global innovative drug sales in 2021, with Europe at 16 percent, while China stood at merely 3 percent, far below that of developed countries, according to a report by consultancy Market Monitor.

In order to strengthen policy support for the growth of the innovative drug sector, on July 5, the State Council, China's Cabinet, issued a guideline that supports improved price management, medical insurance payments, commercial insurance coverage, allocation and usage, as well as investment and financing in the sector.

Specifically, efforts will also include improving scientific and technological resource allocation, strengthening fundamental research in new drug development and solidifying the R&D foundation for China's innovative drugs, according to the guideline.

Domestic pharma firms' enthusiasm for going global driving business abroad

Technicians run drug experiments at a pharmaceutical company's lab in Haikou, Hainan province, in May. [SU BIKUN/FOR CHINA DAILY]

"I see there are a lot of companies in China that have big potential to develop global-level new drugs. For example, the number of drugs the country is running for clinical trials is massively bigger than other countries in Asia," said Chris Shim, general manager for Asia R&D and quality at US cloud-based pharmaceutical software company Veeva Systems.

With its enormous domestic market size, sufficient talent supply and large number of biotech and biopharma players, China's pharmaceutical industry is endowed with great potential to witness an increasing number of global-level innovative drugmakers, Shim said.

He added that in order to better adapt to local market conditions during their global outreach, Chinese companies are setting up concise strategies based on different market compliance issues and business performances, with a focus on the usage of cutting-edge technologies such as cloud platforms and artificial intelligence.

"Take cooperation ecosystem, for example. If Chinese companies want to manage different partners and patient dynamics abroad, they'll have to manage all the data and solutions across different countries, where lie cultural and regulatory differences and other kinds of complexities," he said, adding that digitalization can facilitate cross-regional communication and operation process to a large extent.

Shim's view is echoed by Yang Bin, clinical operations vice-president at Hutchmed, "The digitalization of overseas data collection, analysis and management ensures the timeliness of our data processing and analysis. For example, clinical data might contain some anomalies, but through a comprehensive digital management system, we can promptly detect and address these issues, ensuring the overall quality of the experiments.

"It can be said that the success of approvals in the US and Europe markets can't be separated from the application of a fully digitalized system."

In addition, Shim mentioned the role of AI in facilitating the going-global process.

"AI is helping people improve their productivity by eliminating routine jobs. For example, the documentation process of clinical trials can involve a lot of human work of writing, uploading, scanning and analyzing, but now all of them can be done by AI by simply taking a picture and AI will take care of the rest. AI is going to be the key differentiator for industry players," he said.


  

But it gets even worse, according to Dr. Peter Rost.

The former Pfizer Vice President turned whistleblower has got proof that Pfizer intentionally designed their vaccines to cause a global explosion in heart disease and turbo cancer, providing themselves with billions of highly lucrative new patients.

Before we dive in, subscribe to the channel if you haven’t already, and join the People’s Voice Locals community to join our incredible community and support the channel.

Former Pfizer VP and author of “The Whistleblower, Confessions of a Healthcare Hitman,” Dr. Peter Rost is an insider expert on big pharma marketing.

He first made his name as a whistleblower back in 2007 when he testified before the Senate that Big Pharma company’s were intentionally ripping off US customers.

https://thepeoplesvoice.tv/pfizer-vp-blows-whistle-vaccine-designed-to-cause-lucrative-health-problems-we-could-monetize/

Baxter DmitryAbout Baxter Dmitry 6190 Articles Baxter Dmitry is a writer at The People's Voice. He covers politics, business and entertainment. Speaking truth to power since he learned to talk, Baxter has travelled in over 80 countries and won arguments in every single one. Live without fear       

Thursday, April 6, 2023

How dangerous are India’s generic drugs? Very

 

India relies on the weak oversight of developing countries that make up the bulk of its exports – that’s how it can continue to push substandard and often deadly medicines there. — Bloomberg

 

FOR a nation that seeks to claim the mantle of “pharmacy to the world,” India is scandalously short on regulatory oversight.

In the last six months, its generic cough syrups have killed dozens of children, its eye drops have caused blindness and its chemotherapy drugs have been contaminated.

The children who died – mostly under the age of five years – were given Indian-made over-the-counter products contaminated with industrial solvents and antifreeze agents that are fatal in even small amounts.

The eye drops that contained extensively drug-resistant bacteria? So far 68 patients across 16 US states have been affected. Three people died, several had to have their eyeballs removed, some went blind, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention reported on March 21.

The Indian company, Global Pharma Healthcare, issued a voluntary nationwide recall for the drops. India is the largest provider of generic medicines, producing 20% of the world’s supply, according to the government’s Economic Survey.

Its US$50bil (RM220bil) drug-manufacturing industry exports medicines to over 200 nations and makes 60% of all vaccines. It boasts “the highest number” of US Food and Drug Administration or FDA-compliant plants outside America, and indeed, some of its generic pharmaceutical companies produce high-quality medicines.

That may well provide consumers with a level of comfort, but history suggests it is unwise to trust that feeling.

The latest drug recalls just add to a long line of scandals that have tainted the sector.

In 2013, a US subsidiary of major Indian drug manufacturer Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd pleaded guilty to US federal criminal charges and agreed to pay US$500mil (RM2.2bil) lion for selling adulterated generic drugs, fabricating data, and committing fraud. Serious flaws in the FDA compliance regime allowed these breaches to go undiscovered, until a years-long investigation laid bare the endemic corruption.

A generic drug made in India and modelled on Lipitor sold in the US to treat high cholesterol, for example, was contaminated with shards of blue glass, as journalist Katherine Eban documented in her book, Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom. Her book draws in part on the experience of whistleblower Dinesh Thakur, who worked at Ranbaxy.

You would think such a damning indictment would prompt India to develop a safer, better pharmaceutical oversight regime. Think again.

The systemic fraud exposed by the investigation – where data was routinely falsified to fool inspectors, increase production and maximise profit – did not result in a regulatory overhaul.

Still, a two-day “brainstorming session” held in February appeared to acknowledge the system’s inherent weaknesses, with Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya telling participants India needed to “move from generic to quality-generic drugs.”

Discussions involved “how to make the country’s drugs regulatory systems transparent, predictable and verifiable,” according to a health ministry media release.

Consumers shouldn’t hold their breath, though. A national law on drug recalls has been under discussion since 1976 without resolution, and the government – at least publicly –remains in denial: Since the Ranbaxy scandal, Thakur has campaigned for the reform of India’s main regulator, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation, and, with lawyer T. Prashant Reddy, has written his own book, The Truth Pill: The Myth of Drug Regulation in India, which was published in October.

They note that adulterated Indian drugs aren’t just killing children in developing-world export markets like Gambia and Uzbekistan. They’re also killing children at home: In 2019, at least 11 infants died in the state of Jammu because of cough syrup containing diethylene glycol. 

The World Health Organisation (WHO) sent alerts in October and January, asking for the cough medicine to be removed from the shelves. (It also issued a warning last year for cough syrups made by four Indonesian manufacturers sold in that country, where 203 children died in similar circumstances.)

Maiden Pharmaceuticals, whose medicines were sold in Gambia and linked by the WHO to the deaths of at least 70 children, has denied wrongdoing. And India’s regulator rejected the WHO’s findings, saying no toxic substances had been found in samples taken from Maiden’s plant. 

It shouldn’t have taken more deaths for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s administration to act. The red flags have been there for years. What’s lacking is political will, and transparency. The FDA publishes different reviews of new drug applications on its website, along with detailed notes. 

So why does contamination with such deadly substances occur so regularly?

“The simple answer is that Indian pharmaceutical companies quite often fail to test either the raw materials or the final formulation before shipping it to market,” Thakur said.

India relies on the weak oversight of developing countries that make up the bulk of its exports – that’s how it can continue to push substandard and often deadly medicines there.

In the absence of a global framework for pharmaceutical safety, what can be done to make the generic drugs that consumers around the world have come to rely on safer and effective?

For a start, the WHO’s prequalification programme, which facilitates the purchase of billions of dollars’ worth of medicines through international agencies such as Unicef, must be overhauled. Then there’s the question of holding these companies to account for the harm they cause inside and outside India via legal avenues and victims’ compensation. — Bloomberg 

- Ruth Pollard is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. The views expressed here are the writer’s own.

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Thursday, December 3, 2020

China makes steady progress towards coronavirus vaccines to market

 

Inactivated COVID-19 vaccine CoronaVac produced by Chinese vaccine developer Sinovac Photo: Courtesy of Sinovac

 Chinese vice premier Sun Chunlan stressed a scientific and rigorous preparation is required for the mass production of Chinese-developed COVID-19 vaccines during an inspection tour of vaccine production lines of some leading manufacturers in Beijing on Wednesday, the same day the UK became the first Western country to approve a coronavirus vaccine for widespread use.

Sun and State Councilor Wang Yong visited the National Institute for Food and Drug Control, and two leading vaccine producers Sinovac, National Vaccine & Serum Institute under Sinopharm in Beijing, the Xinhua News Agency reported late Wednesday.

The visit was seen as a prelude for the vaccine coming to market in a rigorous and scientific manner. Russia and the UK announced on Wednesday they will start mass vaccinations against the coronavirus next week.

Sun and Wang learned about COVID-19 vaccine research, visited production plants and checked preparation work, and fully affirmed the achievements of the vaccine developers.

Fourteen vaccines using five technology methods are in clinical trials and five vaccines are undergoing phase Ⅲ clinical trials. Emergency use, production preparation and other work are proceeding in an orderly manner.

Sun called for scientific and rigorous phase Ⅲ clinical trials to carry out review and approval work in strict accordance with laws, regulations and internationally recognized technical standards to ensure the safety and effectiveness.

She required Chinese companies prepare for mass production, strictly comply with laws, regulations, procedures and requirements on quality supervision and biosafety, improve the traceability system for vaccines, punish illegal activities for creating a favorable market environment.

Sun said it's necessary to formulate a vaccination distribution plan before the vaccines are made available to the public. The emergency use of the vaccine in high-risk groups, such as port workers and front-line supervisors, will be completed by the end of 2020, she said.

The UK's approval of Pfizer's coronavirus vaccine on Wednesday paved the way for widespread uses of the vaccine. The first doses are already on their way to the UK, with 800,000 due to arrive in the coming days, Pfizer said.

Analysts said the UK and Russia's quick approval for widespread use of vaccine is mainly in response to new outbreaks that may get worse during the coming winter.

China is very likely to introduce its first officially approved vaccine for mass use in December, but whether it would be approved only for limited use is still under discussion, a Beijing-based immunological professor who asks not to be named told the Global Times.

The first vaccines to get approval are likely the inactivated vaccine candidates from either Sinovac or state-owned Sinopharm, said the professor, noting that other frontrunner candidates such as recombinant adenovirus vector vaccine would be slightly behind or approved for emergency use first.

The Global Times learned from the Sinovac's Brazilian partner Butantan Institute which is carrying out the phase Ⅲ clinical trials of the inactivated vaccine CoronaVac that the data from the trials have been sent to the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency. Sinovac told the Global Times that analysis of the clinical data will take some time.

Compared to China, vaccines are more urgently needed in the West, said a Shanghai-based vaccine expert. "The epidemic battle left many Americans desperate, let's hope President-elect Joe Biden will take human rights seriously and not follow in Trump's footsteps."

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Today's China the most convincing response to Western COVID suspicions

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African and some Latin American countries would prefer Chinese-developed inactivated vaccines, due to their competitive costs and easier logistics, to stop their pandemic crisis, said analysts in both the vaccine and drug transportation services.

 

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